Sands of Iwo Jima | |
---|---|
Directed by | Allan Dwan |
Produced by | Herbert Yates |
Written by | |
Starring | |
Narrated by | Arthur Franz |
Music by | Victor Young |
Cinematography | Reggie Lanning |
Edited by | Richard L. Van Enger |
Production company | |
Distributed by | Republic Pictures |
Release date | |
Running time | |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Box office | $3.9 million (US/ Canada rentals)[1][2] |
Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1949 war film starring John Wayne that follows a group of United States Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II. The film also features John Agar, Adele Mara and Forrest Tucker, was written by Harry Brown and James Edward Grant, and directed by Allan Dwan. The picture was a Republic Pictures production.
Sands of Iwo Jima was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role (John Wayne), Best Film Editing, Best Sound Recording (Daniel J. Bloomberg) and Best Writing, Motion Picture Story.[3]
- 2Cast
Plot[edit]
Note: the story is told from the viewpoint of Corporal Robert Dunne (Arthur Franz).
Tough-as-nails career Marine Sergeant John Stryker (John Wayne) is greatly disliked by the men of his squad, particularly the combat replacements, for the rigorous training he puts them through. He is especially despised by PFC Peter 'Pete' Conway (John Agar), the arrogant, college-educated son of an officer, Colonel Sam Conway under whom Stryker served and admired, and PFC Al Thomas (Forrest Tucker), who blames him for his demotion.
When Stryker leads his squad in the invasion of Tarawa, the men begin to appreciate his methods. Within the first couple of minutes of the battle, the platoon leader, Lt. Baker (Gil Herman), is killed only seconds after he lands on the beach, PFC 'Farmer' Soames (James Holden) is wounded in the leg, and PFC Choynski (Hal Baylor) receives a head wound. The marines are aggressively pinned down by a pillbox.
Sands Of Iwo Jima Free Movie
Able Company commander Captain Joyce (John McGuire) takes charge and he begins to send out marines to silence the pillbox. As a result of three unsuccessful attempts to reach the pillbox, two demolition marines and a flamethrower operator are killed and PFC Shipley (Richard Webb) is left mortally wounded in the line of fire. Sgt. Stryker takes action and demolishes the pillbox. Shipley would eventually die of his wounds in front of his best friend Regazzi (Wally Cassell).
Later on, Thomas becomes distracted from his mission, and 'goofs off' when he goes to get ammunition for two comrades, stopping to savor a cup of coffee. As a result, though he brings back coffee for his squadmates, he returns too late — the two Marines, now out of ammunition, in the interim are shown being overrun; Hellenopolis (Peter Coe) is killed, Bass (James Brown) badly wounded.
On their first night, the squad is ordered to dig in and hold their positions under the cover of darkness. Bass lies wounded from a distance and begs for help. Conway considers Stryker brutal and unfeeling when he decides to apparently abandon Bass to the enemy.
After the battle, when Stryker discovers the truth, he forces Thomas into a fistfight. This is seen by a passing officer (Don Haggerty) but Thomas, to Stryker's surprise, deflects the officer's intention of pressing charges against Stryker for violation of military rules in striking a subordinate by claiming that he was merely being taught judo by his superior. Subsequently, ravaged by his conscience over the fate of his fellow Marines, Thomas breaks down and abjectly apologizes for his dereliction of duty.
The squad receives three new recruits: Stein (Leonard Gumley), Fowler (William Self), and McHugh(Martin Milner). Stryker reveals a softer side of his character while on leave in Honolulu. He picks up a bargirl (Julie Bishop) and returns with her to her apartment. He becomes suspicious when he hears somebody in the next room, but upon investigation, finds only a hungry baby boy that his intended paramour is supporting the best way she can. Stryker gives the woman, whose child's father was 'gone,' some money and departs. The woman had earlier noted that there were 'worse ways to make a living than fighting a war,' in reference to her current lot in life.
Later, during a training exercise, McHugh drops a live hand grenade. Everybody drops to the ground, except Conway, who is distracted reading a letter from his wife. Stryker knocks him down, saving his life, and then proceeds to bawl him out in front of the platoon.
Stryker's squad subsequently fights in the battle for Iwo Jima. Stryker shouts 'Saddle Up!' as they prepare to take the beach. The squad suffers heavily within the first couple of hours, losing Soames, McHugh, Harris (George Tyne), and Frank Flynn (Richard Jaeckel). Stryker's squad is selected to be a part of the 40 man patrol that will charge up Mount Suribachi. During the charge, Eddie Flynn (William Murphy), Stein, and Fowler are killed. While the remaining men were resting during a lull in the fighting, Stryker is killed by a Japanese soldier emerging from a spider hole. Bass quickly locates the spider hole and kills the Japanese shooter. The remaining squad members (Conway, Thomas, Dunne, Regazzi, and Bass) find and read a letter on his corpse, a missive addressed to his son and expressing things Stryker wanted to say to him, but had never actually managed to. Moments later, the squad witnesses the iconic flag raising. Conway, reminiscent of Stryker, walks away shouting 'Saddle Up!'
Cast[edit]
General Graves B. Erskine (right), Col. David M. Shoup (center) and John Wayne (left) on the set. Erskine and Shoup were provided as technical advisors for the film by the U.S. Marine Corps. Shoup also appeared as himself in a cameo role.
- John Wayne as Sgt. John M. Stryker
- John Agar as PFC Peter T. 'Pete' Conway
- Adele Mara as Allison Bromley
- Forrest Tucker as PFC Al J. Thomas
- Wally Cassell as PFC Benny A. Regazzi
- James Brown as PFC Charlie Bass
- Richard Webb as PFC 'Handsome' Dan Shipley
- Arthur Franz as Corporal Robert C. Dunne/Narrator
- Julie Bishop as Mary (the bargirl)
- James Holden as PFC 'Farmer' Soames
- Peter Coe as PFC George Hellenopolis
- Richard Jaeckel as PFC Frank Flynn
- William Murphy as PFC Eddie Flynn
- Martin Milner as Pvt Mike McHugh
- George Tyne as PFC Hart S. Harris
- Hal Baylor as Pvt J.E. 'Ski' Choynski (credited as Hal Fieberling)
- Leonard Gumley as Pvt Sid Stein
- William Self as Pvt L.D. Fowler Jr.
- John McGuire as Captain Joyce
- Gil Herman as Lt. Baker (uncredited)
Actual Marines[edit]
Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes, and John Bradley, (until 2016, Bradley was incorrectly identified as being a flag-raiser) the three survivors of the five Marines and one Navy corpsman who were credited with raising the second flag on Mount Suribachi during the actual battle, appear briefly in the film just prior to the re-enactment. Hayes was also the subject of a film biography, The Outsider, and Bradley the subject of a book by his son James, Flags of Our Fathers.
When the curator of the Louvre is found murdered in the famed museum's hallowed halls, Harvard professor, Robert Langdon and cryptographer, Sophie Neve must untangle a deadly web of deceit involving the works of Leonardo da Vinci. The da vinci code stream.
Also appearing as themselves are 1st Lt. Harold Schrier, who led the flag-raising patrol up Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima and helped raise the first flag, Col. David M. Shoup, later Commandant of the Marine Corps and recipient of the Medal of Honor at Tarawa, and Lt. Col. Henry P. 'Jim' Crowe, commander of the 2nd Battalion 8th Marines at Tarawa, where he earned the U.S. Navy Cross.[4][5]
Actual battle footage is interspersed throughout the film.
Acknowledgements[edit]
Several of the actors were re-united in the 1970 western Chisum (1970): John Wayne, John Agar, Forrest Tucker, and Richard Jaeckel.
The 1982 Academy Award nominated comedy short filmThe Great Cognito makes an implied reference to Sands of Iwo Jima. The only character to be seen onscreen is an entertainment impersonator, who changes into the people and events he talks about in his comic patter, using Will Vinton's technique of stop-motion claymation. In the end, while talking of Iwo Jima, Cognito breaks down in tears and leaves the stage, blubbering about how '..John Wayne gets shot.'
In the television show King of the Hill (1997–2010), this is the favorite film of Cotton Hill, father of main character Hank Hill. Hank recalls that, during his childhood, his father would travel around Texas searching for showings of this film.
The episode 'Call of Silence' (2004) in NCIS's season 2 references the film and a documentary as shared background to Marine history and legacy. The episode shows the NCIS character Timothy McGee watching the documentary To the Shores of Iwo Jima; the character Anthony DiNozzo approaches and, in furtherance of the character's schtick as an avowed and knowledgeable movie buff, begins talking about the theatrical film Sands of Iwo Jima, some scenes of which were taken from the documentary.
The Southern rock band Drive-By Truckers have a song title 'The Sands of Iwo Jima' on their 2004 album The Dirty South. It is sung from the perspective of a young boy who has been exposed to World War 2 through old John Wayne movies. He asks his great-uncle, a World War II veteran, if The Sands of Iwo Jima represents the war properly; the old man smiles, shakes his head and responds, 'I never saw John Wayne on the sands of Iwo Jima.' This may be a reference to the fact that Wayne, despite his many roles as a member of the armed forces, never actually served in the military.
Idiom[edit]
The first recorded use of the phrase 'lock and load' is in this film: twice as a metaphor for 'get ready to fight' and once as a humorous invitation to drink alcohol (get loaded). As a period term, it similarly appears in the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan. Although the original use and implied meaning may be disputed, it typically described preparations for charging the M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle[6] by first locking the bolt back by pulling the charging handle rearward and then loading an 8-round en bloc clip into the now open magazine.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'The Top Box Office Hits of 1950', Variety, January 3, 1951
- ^'All-Time Top Grossers', Variety, 8 January 1964 p 69
- ^'The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners'. oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^T. M. P. (1949-12-31). 'Movie Review - Sands of Iwo Jima - At the Mayfair'. The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^Suid, Lawrence H. (2002). Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film. University Press of Kentucky. p. 121. ISBN0813122252. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^http://www.sproe.com/l/lock-and-load.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sands of Iwo Jima. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sands of Iwo Jima |
- Sands of Iwo Jima on IMDb
- Sands of Iwo Jima at the TCM Movie Database
- Sands of Iwo Jima at AllMovie
- Sands of Iwo Jima at the American Film Institute Catalog
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sands_of_Iwo_Jima&oldid=898141847'
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Native name: Nickname: Io-to, Iwo To | |
---|---|
Landsat photo of Iwo Jima (Iō-tō), c. 1999. Mount Suribachi is in the lower left hand corner. | |
Geography | |
Location | Pacific Ocean |
Coordinates | 24°47′N141°19′E / 24.783°N 141.317°E |
Archipelago | Volcano Islands |
Area | 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 169 m (554 ft) |
Highest point | Mount Suribachi[1] |
Administration | |
Prefecture | Tokyo |
Subprefecture | Ogasawara Subprefecture |
Village | Ogasawara |
Demographics | |
Population | No native population (military personnel only) |
Iwo To (硫黄島Iō-tō, 'sulfur island'),[2] known in English as Iwo Jima (/ˌiːwoʊˈdʒiːmə, ˌiːwə-/,[3][4]listen), is one of the Japanese Volcano Islands and lies south of the Bonin Islands. Together with other islands, they form the Ogasawara Archipelago. The highest point of Iwo Jima is Mount Suribachi at 169 m (554 ft) high.
Although 1,200 kilometres (750 mi; 650 nmi) south of the metropolis of Tokyo on the mainland, this island of 21 km2 (8 square miles) is administered as part of the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo and since July 1944, when the civilian population was forcibly evacuated, has been only populated by military forces.
The island of Iwo Jima was the location of the Battle of Iwo Jima between February 1945–March 1945. The island became globally recognized when Joe Rosenthal, who worked for the Associated Press at the time, published his photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima which was photographed on Mount Suribachi. The US military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.
- 2Geography
- 2.1Eruption history
- 3History
Name[edit]
The first European to arrive at Iwo Jima was Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre who named it Sufre Island, after the old Spanish term for sulphur (azufre in modern Spanish).[5] At that time Iwo Jima and other islands were the limit between[further explanation needed]the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the far East.
In 1779, the island was charted as Sulphur Island, the literal translation of its official name, during Captain James Cook's third surveying voyage.[6]
Airport Control Tower, 2010
The name 'Sulphur Island' was translated into Late Middle Japanese with the Sino-Japanese rendering iwau-tau (硫黄島, modern Japanese Iwō-tō), from Middle Chineseljuw-huang 'sulfur' and táw 'island'. The historical spelling iwautau[7] had come to be pronounced (approximately) Iwō-tō by the age of Western exploration, and the 1946 orthography reform fixed the spelling and pronunciation at Iō-tō. An alternative, Iwō-jima, modern Iō-jima, also appeared in nautical atlases.[8]Tō and shima are different readings of the kanji for island (島), the shima being changed tojima in this case.
Japanese naval officers who arrived to fortify the island before the U.S. invasion mistakenly called it Iwo Jima.[8] In this way, the 'Iwo Jima' reading became mainstream and was the one used by U.S. forces who arrived during World War II. Former island residents protested against this rendering, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's Geographical Survey Institute debated the issue and formally announced on June 18, 2007, that the official Japanese pronunciation of the island's name would revert to the pre-war Iō-tō.[2] Moves to revert the pronunciation were sparked by the high-profile films Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima.[8] The change does not affect how the name is written with kanji, '硫黄島', only how it is pronounced or written in hiragana, katakana and rōmaji.
Geography[edit]
Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima.
The island has an approximate area of 21 km2 (8 sq mi). The most prominent feature is Mount Suribachi on the southern tip, a vent that is thought to be dormant and is 161 m (528 ft) high.[1] Named after a Japanese grinding bowl, the summit of Mount Suribachi is the highest point on the island. Iwo Jima is unusually flat and featureless for a volcanic island. Suribachi is the only obvious volcanic feature, as the island is only the resurgent dome (raised centre) of a larger submerged volcanic caldera surrounding the island.[9]
80 km (43 nautical miles, 50 mi) north of the island is North Iwo Jima (北硫黄島Kita-Iō-tō, literally: 'North Sulfur Island') and 59 kilometres (37 mi; 32 nmi) south is South Iwo Jima (南硫黄島Minami-Iō-tō, 'South Sulfur Island'); these three islands make up the Volcano Islands group of the Ogasawara Islands. Just south of Minami-Iō-jima are the Mariana Islands.
The visible island stands on a plateau (probably made by to wave erosion) at depth about 15 m, which is the top of an underwater mountain 2 km tall and 40 km diameter at base.[10]
Eruption history[edit]
Iwo Jima has a history of minor volcanic activity a few times per year[11] (fumaroles, and their resultant discolored patches of seawater nearby), but no evidence of an impending major eruption has been observed.
Prehistoric[edit]
- c.760±20 BC: A big eruption with pyroclastic flows and lava sinks a previous forested island.[12]
Witnessed[edit]
- The first recorded sighting by Europeans was in October 1543 by Spanish navigator Bernardo de la Torre on board of carrack San Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain. Iwo Jima was charted as Sufre, the old Spanish term for sulphur.
- Late 1779: Captain Cook's surveying crew landed on a beach which is now 40 m (131 ft) above sea level due to volcanic uplifting.[9] Such uplifting occurs on the island at a varying rate of between 100 and 800 mm (3.9 and 31.5 in) per year, with an average rate of 200 mm (8 in) per year.[13]
- Early 1945: USA armed forces landed on a beach which as of 2015 was 17 metres (56 ft) above sea level due to volcanic uplift.[14]
- 28 March 1957: Phreatic eruption without warning 2 km northeast of Suribachi, lasted 65 minutes and ejected material 30 m (100 feet) high from one crater. Another crater, 30 m (100 feet) wide and 15 m (50 feet) deep, formed by collapse 50 minutes after the eruption ended.
- 31 March 1957: Gas emissions increased.
- 9-10 March 1982: 5 phreatic eruptions from vents on the northwest shore of Iwo-jima.
- 21 September 2001: Submarine eruption from 3 vents southeast of Iwo-jima. It built a 10 m (33 feet) diameter pyroclastic cone.
- 19 October 2001: A small phreatic eruption at Idogahama (a beach on the northwest coast of the island), made a crater 10 m (33 feet) wide and 2–3 m deep.
- 13 December 2006: An article in The Japan Times expressed fear of a coming big eruption at Iwo Jima.[15]
- May 2012: Fumaroles, discolored patches of seawater northeast of the island.[16]
- 13 Nov 2015: Iwo Jima is placed first in a list of 10 dangerous volcanoes, with volcanologists saying there may be a one in three chance of a large eruption from one of those 10 volcanoes this century.[17][18][19]
Climate[edit]
Iwo Jima has a tropical climate.
Climate data for Iwo Jima | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 22 (71) | 22 (71) | 23 (73) | 26 (78) | 28 (82) | 29 (85) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 27 (80) | 24 (75) | 27 (80) |
Average low °C (°F) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 18 (65) | 21 (69) | 23 (74) | 25 (77) | 26 (78) | 26 (78) | 26 (78) | 24 (76) | 23 (73) | 19 (67) | 22 (72) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7.6 (0.3) | 7.6 (0.3) | 46 (1.8) | 110 (4.2) | 110 (4.4) | 99 (3.9) | 180 (7.1) | 170 (6.6) | 110 (4.4) | 170 (6.6) | 120 (4.9) | 110 (4.5) | 1,380 (54.4) |
[citation needed] |
History[edit]
Pre-1945[edit]
The island was first visited by a westerner in October 1543, by Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre on board the carrackSan Juan de Letrán when trying to return from Sarangani to New Spain.[20]
Before World War II Iwo Jima was administered as Iōjima village and was (and is today) part of Tokyo. A census in June 1943 reported an island civilian population of 1,018 (533 males, 485 females) in 192 households in six settlements. The island had a primary school, a Shinto shrine, and one police officer; it was serviced by a mail ship from Haha-jima once a month, and by Nippon Yusen ship once every couple of months. The island's economy relied upon sulfur mining, sugarcane farming, and fishing; an isolated island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with poor economic prospects, Iwo Jima had to import all rice and consumer goods from the Home Islands.[citation needed]
Even before the beginning of World War II, there was a garrison of the Imperial Japanese Navy at the southern part of Iwo Jima. It was off-limits to the island's civilian population, who already had little contact with the naval personnel, except for trading.
B-24 Liberators after attacking Iwo Jima on December 15, 1944
Throughout 1944, Japan conducted a massive military buildup on Iwo Jima in anticipation of a U.S. invasion. In July 1944, the island's civilian population was forcibly evacuated, and no civilians have permanently settled on the island since.
Battle of Iwo Jima[edit]
The invasion of Iwo Jima began on February 19, 1945, and continued to March 26, 1945. The battle was a major initiative of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The Marine invasion, known as 'Operation Detachment', was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on the island, which up until that time had harried U.S. bombing missions to Tokyo. Once the bases were secured, they could then be of use in the impending invasion of the Japanese mainland.
The battle was marked by some of the fiercest fighting of the War. The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified, with vast bunkers, hidden artillery, and 18 kilometres (11 mi) of tunnels.[21][22] The battle was the first U.S. attack on the Japanese Home Islands and the Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 19,000 were killed and only 1,083 taken prisoner.[23]
One of the first objectives after landing on the beachhead was the taking of Mount Suribachi. At the second raising of a flag on the peak, Joe Rosenthal photographed six Marinesraising the United States flag on the fourth day of the battle (February 23).
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U.S. postage stamp, 1945 issue, commemorating the Battle of Iwo Jima.
The photograph was extremely popular, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography that same year. It is regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war.[1][24]
After the fall of Mount Suribachi in the south, the Japanese still held a strong position throughout the island. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi still had the equivalent of eight infantry battalions, a tank regiment, two artillery, and three heavy mortar battalions, plus the 5,000 gunners and naval infantry. With the landing area secure, more troops and heavy equipment came ashore and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island. Most Japanese soldiers fought to the death. On the night of March 25, a 300-man Japanese force launched a final counterattack led by Kuribayashi. The island was officially declared 'secured' the following morning.
According to the U.S. Navy, 'The 36-day (Iwo Jima) assault resulted in more than 26,000 American casualties, including 6,800 dead.'[25] To put that into context, the 82-day Battle of Okinawa lasted from early April until mid-June 1945 and U.S. (five Army, two Marine Corps Divisions and Navy personnel on ships) casualties were over 62,000 of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing, while the Battle of the Bulge lasted 40 days (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) with almost 90,000 U.S. casualties comprising 19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded and 23,000 captured or missing.
After Iwo Jima was declared secured, about 3,000 Japanese soldiers were left alive in the island's warren of caves and tunnels. Those who could not bring themselves to commit suicide hid in the caves during the day and came out at night to prowl for provisions. Some did eventually surrender and were surprised that the Americans often received them with compassion — offering them water, cigarettes, or coffee.[26] The last of these stragglers, two of Lieutenant Toshihiko Ohno's men (Ohno's body was never found), Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki, lasted three and a half years, surrendering on January 6, 1949.[27][28]
The U.S. military occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.
Reunion of Honor[edit]
On February 19, 1985, the 40th anniversary of the day that U.S. forces began the assault on the island, veterans from both forces gathered for the Reunion of Honor just a few meters/yards away from the spot where U.S. Marines had landed on the island.[29]During the memorial service a granite plaque was unveiled with the message:
On the 40th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima, American and Japanese veterans met again on these same sands, this time in peace and friendship. We commemorate our comrades, living and dead, who fought here with bravery and honor, and we pray together that our sacrifices on Iwo Jima will always be remembered and never be repeated.
It is inscribed on both sides of the plaque, with the English translation facing the beaches where U.S. forces landed and the Japanese translation facing inland, where Japanese troops defended their position.
After that, the Japan-U.S. combination memorial service of the 50th anniversary was held in front of this monument in March 1995. The 55th anniversary was held in 2000, followed by a 60th reunion in March 2005 (see U.S. National Park Service photo below), and a 70th anniversary ceremony on March 21, 2015.[30]
- 60th Reunion 2005
- Reunion of Honor Memorial
Japanese military base[edit]
The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) operates a naval air base on the island at North Field (IATA: IWO, ICAO: RJAW). The airstrip is 2,650 meters (8,700 ft) long and 60 meters (200 ft) wide. Its orientation is 07/25. The JMSDF is in charge of support, air traffic control, fueling, and rescue. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force also uses the base. The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force is in charge of explosive ordnance disposal, and maintains a garrison of 400 troops on the island.[8] Two abandoned airfields from World War II are nearby, Central Field to the south of the current air base, and an unfinished Japanese airfield to the north of the base, which was improved after the U.S. invasion of the island.
The U.S. Navy's Carrier Air Wing Five, based at the United States Naval Air Facility Atsugi when not embarked/deployed aboard USS Ronald Reagan, also uses the base for field carrier landing practice (FCLP). The U.S. Navy still has a 1,639 acres (663 ha) disused communication facility (Iwo-Jima Communication Site) on the island, while the U.S. Coast Guard's Iwo Jima LORAN-C transmitter facility was transferred to Japan in 1993 and demolished in 1994.
Civilian access to the island is restricted to those attending memorial services for U.S. and Japanese fallen soldiers, construction workers for the naval air base, and meteorological agency officials. The Japanese troops stationed on the island register their residential addresses in Ayase, Kanagawa or Sayama, Saitama for voting, tax, and social security purposes. Officially, there is no population on the island.
U.S. nuclear arms base[edit]
Iwo Jima appears to be one of a number of Japanese islands which has been used by the United States to host nuclear arms, according to Robert S. Norris, William M. Arkin, and William Burr writing for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in early 2000.[31][32]This is despite a Japanese policy of not allowing nuclear weapons on Japanese soil. Whether the site is used for this purpose is unknown, as great secrecy surrounds the United States' siting of nuclear arms bases; but on December 12, 1999, U.S. Under Secretary for Defense Policy Walter Slocombe told The New York Times, 'Our position is that there have been no violations of our obligations under the security treaty and related arrangements.'[33]
Norris, Arkin and Burr concluded however:
There were nuclear weapons on Chichi Jima and Iwo Jima (Iwo To), an enormous and varied nuclear arsenal on Okinawa, nuclear bombs (without their fission cores) stored on the mainland at Misawa and Itazuke airbases (and possibly at Atsugi, Iwakuni, Johnson, and Komaki airbases as well), and nuclear-armed U.S. Navy ships stationed in Sasebo and Yokosuka. .. Chichi Jima, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa were under U.S. occupation, that the bombs stored on the mainland lacked their plutonium and/ or uraniumcores, and that the nuclear-armed ships were a legal inch away from Japanese soil. All in all, this elaborate stratagem maintained the technicality that the United States had no nuclear weapons 'in Japan.'[33]
Gallery[edit]
- Suribachi seen from the northern end of the invasion beach.
- Volcano crater on Mount Suribachi.
- Invasion beach seen from the top of Mount Suribachi.
- A pair of bunkers left over from World War II.
- View of Suribachi from a beach on the western side of the island.
- Close up view of Suribachi, scarred from the impacts of munitions during the Battle of Iwo Jima.
- Sunset at Iwo Jima from the invasion beach.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iwo Jima. |
References[edit]
- ^ abcGlobal Volcanism Program | Iwo Jima
- ^ ab地名等の統一に関する連絡協議会 硫黄島の呼称を「いおうじま」から「いおうとう」へ変更 (in Japanese). Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. 2007-06-18. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^'Iwo Jima'. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
- ^'Iwo Jima'. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ^Welsch, Bernard (Jun 2004). 'Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?'. The Journal of Pacific History. Taylor & Francis. Ltd. 39 (1): 114, 115. doi:10.1080/00223340410001684886.
- ^Patrick, John M. Iwo Jima – Sulphur Island. United States Naval Institute Proceedings 76, no. 9 (September 1950): 1028-1029.
- ^Kōjien dai rokuban (Japanese dictionary). Iwanami shoten, 2008.
- ^ abcdGreimel, Hans; Lily Hindy (June 20, 2007). 'Japan changes name of Iwo Jima'. USA Today. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ abGlobal Volcanism Program:Iwo JimaArchived May 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/
- ^kaiho.mlit.go.jp(in Japanese)
- ^Carbon14 dating of buried charcoal: see https://www.volcanocafe.org/iwo-jima-in-45-eruptions/
- ^US Geophysics Research Forum, Geophysic Study Committee. Active Tectonics, p. 104.Archived August 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine National Academies Press, 1986. ISBN0-309-03638-0
- ^Carllestrange (June 30, 2013). 'Brimstone over Iwo Jima!'. VolcanoCafé. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^'Iwojima may be headed for eruption'. The Japan Times. Kyodo News. December 13, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^'Iwo-jima volcano eruptions'. VolcanoDiscovery.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
- ^'World's 10 most dangerous volcanoes identified'. University of Manchester. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
'The last time such a list was made was 25 years ago and that list mainly included volcanoes that are accessible to study in developed countries. Our new list looks all over the world, including in less developed countries. We have created this list to try to highlight the need for better monitoring and preparedness in many areas of the world. There hasn't been a major eruption for 200 years, since Tambora in 1815 ('the year without summer'), and there has never been a large eruption in a modern, developed country. There is a chance of perhaps 1 in 3 that there will such an eruption this century. '
- ^Imster, Eleanor (November 18, 2015). 'Top 10 most dangerous volcanoes'. EarthSky.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-09. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
- ^Whitfield, Tony (13 November 2015). 'World's most dangerous volcano is named - and scientists fear it could unleash deadly tsunami when it blows'. Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
- ^Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations The American Geographical Society (New York, 1967) p.123.
- ^Letters From Iwo JimaArchived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine World War II Multimedia Database
- ^Japanese Defense of Iwo JimaArchived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002) [1960]. Victory in the Pacific, 1945, vol. 14 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN0-252-07065-8. OCLC49784806.
- ^Fifty Years Later, Iwo Jima Photographer Fights His Own BattleArchived September 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^history.navy.mil
- ^Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. New York: Random House. p. 731. OCLC105915.
- ^'Japanese Surrender After Four Year Hiding'. Pacific Stars and Stripes. Jan 10, 1949. p. 5.
- ^Cook, Donald. 'Capture of Two Holdouts January 6, 1949'. No Surrender: Japanese Holdouts. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^Boardman, Robert (January–February 1986). 'A Higher Honor'. Discipleship Journal. NavPress. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^Chacon, Joshua, Corporal, USMC (March 23, 2015). '70th Reunion of Honor'. Defense Video Imagery Distribution System. United States Department Of Defense. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
- ^Norris, Robert S.; William M. Arkin; William Burr (January–February 2000). 'Where they were: how much did Japan know?'. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 56 (1): 11–13, 78–79. doi:10.2968/056001005. Retrieved 2009-07-20.[dead link]
- ^Norris, Robert S.; William M. Arkin; William Burr (November–December 1999). 'NRDC: Nuclear Notebook: Appendix B: Deployments By Country, 1951-1977'(PDF). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 55 (6): 66–67. doi:10.2968/055006019. Retrieved 2009-07-20.[dead link]
- ^ ab'Allegations of Clandestine U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Japan'. Disarmament Diplomacy. The Acronym Institute (42). December 1999. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
External links[edit]
- Ioto - Japan Meteorological Agency (in Japanese)
- Ioto: National catalogue of the active volcanoes in Japan - Japan Meteorological Agency
- Io To - Geological Survey of Japan
- Ioto: Global Volcanism Program - Smithsonian Institution
- Iwo-jima volcano - volcanodiscovery
Iwo Jima Movie Free Online
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